Skip to main content

Granisetron Extended-Release Subcutaneous Injection versus Palonosetron Infusion for CINV Prevention: Cost Comparison of Unscheduled Hydration

Published online ahead of print, Sept 2021
December 2021 Vol 14, No 4 - Business, Original Research
Martin Barnes, MD; George Calcanes, BS, RN; Michael C. Mosier, PhD; Jeffrey Vacirca, MD, FACP; Zulfiqar Malik, MD, PhD
Dr Barnes is Internal Medicine Resident, PGY3, John T. Mather Memorial Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY; Mr Calcanes is Chief Clinical Officer, New York Cancer & Blood Specialists, Port Jefferson Station, NY; Dr Mosier is Director of Biostatistics, EMB Statistical Solutions, Overland Park, KS; Dr Vacirca is Chief Executive Officer, and Dr Malik is Chief of Research, New York Cancer & Blood Specialists.
Download PDF
Download Appendix
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Granisetron extended-release subcutaneous (SC) injection is a novel formulation of granisetron for the prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Palonosetron is administered intravenously and is indicated for CINV prevention in acute and delayed phases after the use of moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC) and in the acute phase after highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). No data are available regarding the impact of SC granisetron on the cost of unscheduled hydration compared with other antiemetic drugs, specifically the older-generation palonosetron.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the costs of unscheduled hydration associated with breakthrough CINV after SC granisetron versus palonosetron administration in patients receiving MEC or HEC.

METHODS: This retrospective analysis was based on electronic medical records data from a single multicenter, community-based practice involving patients receiving MEC or HEC with a 3-drug antiemetic regimen, including a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and either SC granisetron or palonosetron. A cost-of-care analysis for SC granisetron and palonosetron was based on the maximum per-unit Medicare reimbursement amounts for the use of unscheduled hydration, administration of rescue antiemetic drugs, laboratory tests, and patient office evaluations.

RESULTS: A total of 182 patient records were evaluated, 91 for patients receiving SC granisetron and 91 receiving palonosetron. The mean per-patient cost of care related to unscheduled hydration in patients receiving HEC or MEC was significantly lower with SC granisetron ($296) than palonosetron ($837; P <.0001), including subset analysis of patients requiring additional care (SC granisetron [$691], N = 39; palonosetron [$1058], N = 72; P = .0260). The mean hydration costs per patient receiving HEC or MEC were lower with SC granisetron ($62) than with palonosetron ($253; P <.0001). The hydration costs per patient receiving only HEC were lower with SC granisetron ($66) than palonosetron ($280; P <.0001). The per-patient costs were lower when SC granisetron was administered than when palonosetron was administered as part of the antiemetic regimen, except for the cost of rescue antiemetic drug in patients receiving MEC. Fewer median unscheduled hydration therapies per patient were used with SC granisetron versus palonosetron (HEC, 3 vs 5; MEC, 2 vs 3).

CONCLUSION: The use of SC granisetron reduced the total per-patient costs of care associated with unscheduled hydration compared with palonosetron in patients receiving HEC or MEC for breakthrough CINV events.

Key Words: antiemetic regimen, breakthrough CINV, HEC, hydration costs, MEC, palonosetron, subcutaneous granisetron extended-release

Am Health Drug Benefits.
2021;14(4):133-139

Manuscript received September 22, 2020
Accepted in final form February 17, 2021

Disclosures are at end of text

New antiemetic agents and multidrug regimens are available for the prophylactic treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and comprehensive antiemetic guidelines are available.1-4 Nevertheless, breakthrough CINV is a common clinical problem, affecting up to 40% of patients with cancer who are receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC) or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC).5 Dehydration and the resultant need for hydration therapy is a consequence of breakthrough CINV. The costs associated with breakthrough CINV can be substantial, including those associated with unscheduled hydrations.6

Granisetron extended-release (ER) subcutaneous (SC) injection is a novel formulation of first-generation granisetron that provides a therapeutic effect for 5 days after a single SC dose to prevent acute and delayed CINV.7 SC granisetron ER is administered as part of a guideline-recommended antiemetic regimen before chemotherapy.8,9 Palonosetron is a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist with a t1/2 of approximately 40 hours.10

Phase 3 clinical trials of combination antiemetic regimens have demonstrated the noninferiority of SC granisetron ER to palonosetron in the prevention of acute CINV associated with a MEC or a HEC regimen and in the prevention of MEC- and HEC-associated delayed CINV.11,12 In the Modified Absorption of Granisetron in the Prevention of CINV clinical trial—and as part of a 3-drug antiemetic regimen, including 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, fosaprepitant, and dexamethasone—SC granisetron was superior to ondansetron in the prevention of emesis or the need for rescue medication in HEC-associated delayed CINV.13

Palonosetron was approved in 2003 for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with MEC and the prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with HEC.14 SC granisetron ER was approved in 2016 for the prevention of acute or delayed CINV in patients receiving MEC or anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (ie, HEC) combination chemotherapy regimens.15 The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines list SC granisetron and palonosetron as preferred 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, in combination with dexamethasone, for the prevention of MEC-associated CINV, and is a Category 1 recommendation, when combined with olanzapine, dexamethasone, and a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, for the prevention of HEC-associated CINV.1

CINV negatively affects patients’ overall health status, quality of life, and the ability to adhere to their prescribed course of chemotherapy.16-22 In addition, the impact of CINV extends to resource utilization and healthcare costs,21,23-25 which are affected by the associated need for rescue medication, hydration, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and hospitalization.1,5

Previously, our group performed a retrospective analysis to evaluate the requirement for CINV-related hydration among patients receiving SC granisetron or palonosetron for the prevention of MEC- or HEC-associated CINV in a community practice.26 Our study showed a significant benefit with SC granisetron versus palonosetron in reducing hydration requirements (mean hydration event, 0.3 vs 0.9, respectively; standard deviation, 0.6 vs 1.1, respectively; P <.0001).26 In addition, 78% of patients who received palonosetron required additional hydration 24 hours or more postchemotherapy through day 6 compared with 42% of patients who received SC granisetron.26

Based on the findings from the previous study, the goal of this current study was to analyze the impact of using SC granisetron versus palonosetron on the cost of unscheduled hydration associated with breakthrough CINV in patients receiving HEC or MEC.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of a multisite (24 locations) community-based practice, for which detailed methodology has been previously described.26 Briefly, consecutive patients with cancer were identified for data extraction from the electronic medical record system. These patients were scheduled to receive MEC or HEC and a recommended 3-drug antiemetic regimen—including a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist—based on the NCCN antiemesis guidelines at the time of the clinic visit.27

The specific 5-HT3 receptor antagonists used included SC granisetron only, palonosetron only, or palonosetron that was switched to SC granisetron. In all cases, the dosing was 10 mg subcutaneously for SC granisetron ER and 0.25 mg intravenously for palonosetron, each administered with fosaprepitant 150 mg intravenously and dexamethasone 10 mg.26

As previously reported, hydration use (ie, the number of unscheduled hydration therapies per chemotherapy cycle) was compared between patients receiving SC granisetron only (N = 91) between October 2016 and June 2017; palonosetron only (N = 93) between January 2016 and June 2017; and patients who switched from palonosetron to SC granisetron between May 2016 and May 2017, because of a practice decision to use SC granisetron as the preferred 5-HT3 receptor antagonist for MEC and HEC regimens (N = 48).26

In performing the current cost analysis, we determined that 2 patients in the palonosetron-only group had been switched to SC granisetron, resulting in 91 patients who received palonosetron only being included in this current analysis. In the current cost analysis, we focused only on the patients receiving SC granisetron (N = 91) or palonosetron (N = 91), and did not include the patients who switched from palonosetron to SC granisetron (Table 1).

Table 1

In evaluating the costs of care associated with unscheduled hydration, the components of care assessed (chemotherapy cycles 1-4; days 2-6 postchemotherapy), and the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for each component of care are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2

We calculated the costs for each of these components, which were all based on the maximum per-unit Medicare reimbursement amounts (adjusted based on reimbursement rates from January 2016 through June 2017), and were subsequently totaled. We also performed an analysis by the type of chemotherapy received (ie, MEC or HEC).

The per-patient cost analysis for each component of care was calculated by the drug each patient received (ie, SC granisetron or palonosetron), as well as by whether the patients required additional components of care as a direct result of an unscheduled hydration visit, including hydration, rescue antiemetic drugs (SC granisetron or palonosetron), or fluids (potassium chloride per 2 mEq/mL saline 1000 mL, saline 500 mL, saline 250 mL), and drug administration, laboratory tests, and patient office evaluations.

All comparisons reported here were for the SC granisetron and palonosetron groups, excluding those who switched from palonosetron to SC granisetron. Nonparametric 2-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to test the null hypothesis of no difference between the 2 groups in the costs of care.

Results

A total of 182 patients were included in the study, 91 patients who received SC granisetron between October 2016 and June 2017, and 91 patients who received palonosetron between January 2016 and June 2017. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The study population was predominantly female (N = 128; 70%), with bronchus or lung cancer (N = 50; 27%) as the most common diagnosis.

In the group that received SC granisetron, 55 patients had received HEC and 36 patients had received MEC. In the group that received palonosetron, 76 patients had received HEC and 15 patients had received MEC. To account for the imbalances in the number of patients who received HEC and MEC between the 2 groups, a per-patient analysis was conducted.

All components of care related to unscheduled hydration clinic visits and their respective CPT codes used for the analysis are summarized in Table 2. The incurred per-patient costs for all components of care related to an unscheduled hydration visit in patients receiving HEC or MEC were significantly lower in the group that received SC granisetron than in the group that received palonosetron (mean, $296 vs $837, respectively; P <.0001; median, $0 vs $587, respectively; Table 3 and Appendix Table 1).

Table 3

The difference in the subset of patients who required additional hydration-related care (N = 39 for SC granisetron, N = 72 for palonosetron; Table 3) remained significant, because the cost for all components of care was lower for patients who received SC granisetron than for patients who received palonosetron ($692 vs $1058, respectively; P = .0260).

For the HEC group, those who received SC granisetron (N = 55) had a significantly lower per-patient cost associated with all components of care for unscheduled hydrations compared with patients who received palonosetron (N = 76; mean $343 vs $933, respectively; P <.0001; median, $0 vs $680, respectively; Table 4 and Appendix Figure 2A).

Table 4

The same analysis of patients who received MEC resulted in lower per-patient costs in the 36 patients who received SC granisetron than in the 15 patients who received palonosetron (mean, $223 vs $348, respectively; P = .2219; median, $0 vs $182, respectively; Table 4 and Appendix Figure 2B).

Similar findings were observed in patients who required additional hydration-related care in the SC granisetron and palonosetron groups for HEC (N = 23; $823 vs N = 62; $1144, respectively) and for MEC (N = 16; $501 vs N = 10; $523, respectively).

In a further analysis of the costs for patients who required additional care at an unscheduled hydration, those who received HEC and SC granisetron had lower costs than patients who received HEC and palonosetron (maximum, $2504 vs $6595; median, $525 vs $856; mean, $823 vs $1144, respectively; Table 5).

Table 5

A summary of the number of unscheduled hydrations and associated clinic visit costs, which were calculated using CPT codes 96360 and 96361, is shown in Table 6. For the HEC group, the number of unscheduled hydrations were lower in the SC granisetron group than in the palonosetron group (maximum, 16 vs 73, respectively; median, 3 vs 5, respectively; mean, 4 vs 8, respectively).

Table 6

Similarly, the associated costs of unscheduled hydration when using CPT codes 96360 and 96361 were lower in the SC granisetron group (N = 22) than in the palonosetron group (N = 62; maximum, $452 vs $3297, respectively; median, $125 vs $228, respectively; mean, $166 vs $344, respectively). In addition, the costs for the patients who received MEC followed by SC granisetron were lower than for patients who received MEC followed by palonosetron; however, these differences were not significant (Table 6).

Discussion

In this retrospective cost analysis of patients who received HEC or MEC at a community-based multisite clinic, the per-patient cost of care associated with unscheduled hydrations was lower for patients who received SC granisetron than for patients who received palonosetron. All components of the per-patient costs were lower among SC granisetron recipients than palonosetron recipients, with a particularly notable difference in the costs for unscheduled hydration between the 2 groups.

Furthermore, lower costs were incurred in patients who received SC granisetron compared with those who received palonosetron as part of a HEC regimen. In the subgroup of patients requiring additional care, lower costs and a lower total number of unscheduled hydrations were incurred after SC granisetron treatment compared with palonosetron treatment.

Palonosetron confers clinical and economic benefits over 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (including ondansetron, dolasetron, and granisetron).28,29 However, there are some conflicting data and remaining questions regarding its advantages over older agents.9 Given the results of our previously published primary analysis, in which the use of SC granisetron resulted in 3 times fewer CINV-related hydration events than palonosetron per chemotherapy cycle,26 a corresponding reduction in unscheduled hydration-related costs was expected.

In this current analysis, we also identified savings in other components of care that are a direct result of unscheduled hydration visits, including the costs for rescue antiemetic drugs and their administration, laboratory tests, and patient office evaluation.

Of note, in another retrospective study of hydration use in patients receiving SC granisetron or palonosetron in conjunction with MEC or HEC regimens, significant benefits were seen for SC granisetron versus palonosetron with respect to the mean scheduled hydration rate per treatment cycle (0.2 vs 0.6, respectively; P = .0005), as well as the proportion of patients requiring any hydration (33% vs 54%, respectively; P = .0033),30 which aligns with our primary findings.26

Overall, the results of the current cost analysis pertaining to unscheduled hydrations are consistent with, and expand on, previous observations regarding the propensity of inadequately controlled (ie, breakthrough) CINV to increase healthcare resource utilization and the associated costs, including those related to outpatient, inpatient, and emergency department care.21,23-25,31 Unscheduled hydration may be an additional suitable surrogate event for measuring breakthrough CINV that aligns with cost-effective cancer care.6

The results of a prespecified analysis of the De-ESCALaTE trial, which demonstrated superiority of cisplatin versus cetuximab with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, lend further support to the importance of adequate hydration and antiemetic prophylaxis for HEC (cisplatin)-related CINV and dehydration.32 In that analysis, for which results have been presented but not yet published as of this writing, the use of triple antiemetic regimens postchemotherapy, intravenous fluids pre- and postchemotherapy, and oral fluids were all significant predictors of serious adverse events.32

New studies that further investigate 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and the association between complete response and unscheduled hydrations in patients receiving HEC or MEC regimens can be valuable to help achieve the optimal control of CINV.

Limitations

We acknowledge that this analysis has several limitations, including those related to retrospective analyses based on data extraction from electronic medical records in real-world practice. Although the data were derived from 24 practice sites, they were all part of the same practice, which limits their generalizability.

Furthermore, the costs analyzed in this study are specific to the costs incurred in the outpatient setting (ie, hydration) and do not capture the costs of all the components of care of the emergency department or inpatient services.

In addition, the cost difference between SC granisetron and palonosetron for CINV prophylaxis was not included in this analysis, which focused on the costs of components of care (ie, rescue antiemetic drug administration, laboratory tests, and patient office evaluations) related to unscheduled hydration that resulted from breakthrough CINV.

Conclusion

The results of this analysis indicate that the use of SC granisetron versus palonosetron as a component of a 3-drug antiemetic regimen can reduce the need for unscheduled hydration in patients receiving HEC or MEC for breakthrough CINV. Similarly, it can reduce the need for additional concomitant care elements (ie, rescue antiemetic administration/drugs, laboratory tests, patient office evaluations), which can result in an overall lower per-patient cost of care related to unscheduled hydration in this patient population.

Acknowledgments
Medical writing support was provided by Phillip Giannopoulos, PhD, of SciStrategy Communications. Data aggregation facilitation was performed by Todd O’Connell of New York Cancer and Blood Disorders.

Funding Source
This study was funded by Heron Therapeutics, San Diego, CA.

Author Disclosure Statement
Dr Barnes, Mr Calcanes, and Dr Malik have no conflicts of interest to report. Dr Mosier has been a Consultant to Heron Therapeutics. Dr Vacirca has been a Consultant to Heron Therapeutics, and is on the Board of Directors of the Scientific Committee of Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Odonate Therapeutics, and AmerisourceBergen, and owns stocks in Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Odonate Therapeutics, LaJolla Pharma, Coherus Biosciences, and Heron Therapeutics.

References

  1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines): Antiemesis. Version 1.2021. December 2020. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/antiemesis.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2021.
  2. Herrstedt J, Roila F, Warr D, et al. 2016 Updated MASCC/ESMO consensus recommendations: prevention of nausea and vomiting following high emetic risk chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer. 2017;25:277-288.
  3. Hesketh PJ, Kris MG, Basch E, et al. Antiemetics: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:3240-3261.
  4. Roila F, Molassiotis A, Herrstedt J, et al; for the participants of the MASCC/ESMO Consensus Conference Copenhagen 2015. 2016 MASCC and ESMO guideline update for the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and of nausea and vomiting in advanced cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(suppl 5):v119-v133.
  5. Navari RM. Treatment of breakthrough and refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:595894. DOI:10.1155/2015/595894.
  6. Navari RM, Roeland EJ. Unscheduled hydrations: redefining complete response in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting studies. Future Oncol. 2020;16:1863-1872.
  7. Ottoboni T, Gelder MS, O’Boyle E. Biochronomer technology and the development of APF530, a sustained release formulation of granisetron. J Exp Pharmacol. 2014;6:15-21.
  8. Gabrail N, Yanagihara R, Spaczyński M, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of APF530 (extended-release granisetron) in patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: results of two phase II trials. Cancer Manag Res. 2015;7:83-92.
  9. Gilmore J, D’Amato S, Griffith N, Schwartzberg L. Recent advances in antiemetics: new formulations of 5HT3-receptor antagonists. Cancer Manag Res. 2018;10:1827-1857.
  10. Eglen RM, Lee CH, Smith WL, et al. Pharmacological characterization of RS 25259-197, a novel and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 1995;114:860-866.
  11. Raftopoulos H, Boccia R, Cooper W, et al. Slow-release granisetron (APF530) versus palonosetron for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting: analysis by American Society of Clinical Oncology emetogenicity criteria. Future Oncol. 2015;11:2541-2551.
  12. Raftopoulos H, Cooper W, O’Boyle E, et al. Comparison of an extended-release formulation of granisetron (APF530) versus palonosetron for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting associated with moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, noninferiority phase 3 trial. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23:723-732.
  13. Schnadig ID, Agajanian R, Dakhil C, et al. APF530 (granisetron injection extended-release) in a three-drug regimen for delayed CINV in highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Future Oncol. 2016;12:1469-1481.
  14. Aloxi (palonosetron HCl) injection for intravenous use [prescribing information]. Helsinn Healthcare SA; April 2020. Accessed September 1, 2021.
  15. Sustol (granisetron) extended-release injection, for subcutaneous use [prescribing information]. Heron Therapeutics; May 2017. Accessed September 1, 2021.
  16. Bloechl-Daum B, Deuson RR, Mavros P, et al. Delayed nausea and vomiting continue to reduce patients’ quality of life after highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy despite antiemetic treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4472-4478.
  17. Cohen L, de Moor CA, Eisenberg P, et al. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting—incidence and impact on patient quality of life at community oncology settings. Support Care Cancer. 2007;15:497-503.
  18. Haiderali A, Menditto L, Good M, et al. Impact on daily functioning and indirect/direct costs associated with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in a US population. Support Care Cancer. 2011;19:843-851.
  19. Hilarius DL, Kloeg PH, van der Wall E, et al. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in daily clinical practice: a community hospital-based study. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20:107-117.
  20. Janelsins MC, Tejani MA, Kamen C, et al. Current pharmacotherapy for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013;14:757-766.
  21. Sommariva S, Pongiglione B, Tarricone R. Impact of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting on health-related quality of life and resource utilization: a systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016;99:13-36.
  22. Van Laar ES, Desai JM, Jatoi A. Professional educational needs for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV): multinational survey results from 2,388 health care providers. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23:151-157.
  23. Burke TA, Wisniewski T, Ernst FR. Resource utilization and costs associated with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) following highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy administered in the US outpatient hospital setting. Support Care Cancer. 2011;19:131-140.
  24. Schwartzberg L, Harrow B, Lal LS, et al. Resource utilization for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting events in patients with solid tumors treated with antiemetic regimens. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2015;8(5):273-282.
  25. Tina Shih YC, Xu Y, Elting LS. Costs of uncontrolled chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among working-age cancer patients receiving highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Cancer. 2007;110:678-685.
  26. Vacirca J, Caruana D, Calcanes G, et al. Hydration requirements with emetogenic chemotherapy: granisetron extended-release subcutaneous versus palonosetron. Future Oncol. 2018;14:1387-1396.
  27. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines): Antiemesis. Version 2.2017. March 28, 2017. Accessed December 20, 2017.
  28. Faria C, Li X, Nagl N, McBride A. Outcomes associated with 5-HT3-RA therapy selection in patients with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a retrospective claims analysis. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2014;7(1):50-58.
  29. Schwartzberg L, Barbour SY, Morrow GR, et al. Pooled analysis of phase III clinical studies of palonosetron versus ondansetron, dolasetron, and granisetron in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Support Care Cancer. 2014;22:469-477.
  30. Erickson R, Nebughr N, Mosier MC, Nibley W. Hydration requirements in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Future Oncol. 2019;15:753-761.
  31. Roeland E, Ma J, Binder G, et al. Hospitalization costs for nausea and vomiting: a savings opportunity. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(31_suppl):Abstract 155.
  32. Kong AH, Mistry P, Evans M, et al. Analysis of hydration and antiemetics policies in preventing cisplatin-related gastrointestinal and renal toxicities in low-risk human papillomavirus positive-oropharyngeal cancer (HPV+OPC) patients undergoing chemoradiation in De-ESCALaTE trial. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(15_suppl):Abstract 6076.
Related Items
A Retrospective Trend Analysis of Utilization, Spending, and Prices for Generic Statins in the US Medicaid Population, 1991-2022
Yiyu Chen, MS, Patricia R. Wigle, PharmD, Orson Austin, MD, Jeff Jianfei Guo, BPharm, PhD
Web Exclusives published on February 2, 2024 in Business, Original Research
Changes in Antipsychotic Medication Use Among Medicare Patients in a Nursing Home, 2010 to 2015
Michele Berrios, Bruce S. Pyenson, FSA, MAAA, Kyle Pérez, MPH, Heidi C. Waters, PhD
Web Exclusives published on November 10, 2023 in Original Research, Clinical
Employer Disability and Workers’ Compensation Trends for Their Employees With Ophthalmic Conditions in the United States
Richard A. Brook, MS, MBA, Nathan L. Kleinman, PhD, Ian A. Beren, BS
Web Exclusives published on August 21, 2023 in Business, Original Research
Cost-Savings Using Patients’ Own Medication Supply of Letermovir for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplant Recipients During Hospitalization
Harrison S. Yoon, PharmD, Mallory Crain, PharmD, BCOP, Marissa Olson, PharmD, BCOP, Anupam Pande, MD, MPH, Jeff O. Klaus, PharmD, BCPS
Web Exclusives published on July 18, 2023 in Original Research
Clinical and Financial Impacts of an Ambulatory Oncology Pharmacist–Based Intravenous Chemotherapy Education and Follow-Up Program
Grant W. Lee, PharmD, BCOP, Joseen J. Chundamala, PharmD, Kerri L. Monahan, PharmD, Judy J. Cho, PharmD, Lydia J. Berry, RPh, PharmD, Christine G. Cambareri, PharmD, BCOP, CSP
Web Exclusives published on July 6, 2023 in Original Research, Business
Last modified: May 12, 2022